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What is a Smart Building?
The first buildings ever constructed were primitive shelters made from stones, sticks, animal skins and other natural materials. While they hardly resembled the steel and glass that make up a modern city skyline, these early structures had the same purpose - to provide a comfortable space for the people inside.
Buildings today are complex concatenations of structures, systems and technology. Over time, each of the components inside a building has been developed and improved, allowing modern-day building owners to select lighting, security, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems independently, as if they were putting together a home entertainment system.
But building owners today are beginning to look outside the four walls and consider the impact of their building on the electrical grid, the mission of their organization, and the global environment. To meet these objectives, it is not enough for a building to simply contain the systems that provide comfort, light and safety. Buildings of the future must connect the various pieces in an integrated, dynamic and functional way. This vision is a building that seamlessly fulfills its mission while minimizing energy cost, supporting a robust electric grid and mitigating environmental impact.
At the most fundamental level, smart buildings deliver useful building services that make occupants productive (e.g. illumination, thermal comfort, air quality, physical security, sanitation, and many more) at the lowest cost and environmental impact over the building lifecycle. Reaching this vision requires adding intelligence from the beginning of design phase through to the end of the building's useful life. Smart buildings use information technology during operation to connect a variety of subsystems, which typically operate independently, so that these systems can share information to optimize total building performance. Smart buildings look beyond the building equipment within their four walls. They are connected and responsive to the smart power grid, and they interact with building operators and occupants to empower them with new levels of visibility and actionable information.
Enabled by technology, this smart building connects the structure itself to the functions it exists to fulfill: Connecting building systems Connecting people and technology Connecting to the bottom line Connecting to the global environment Connecting to the smart power grid Connecting to an intelligent future Connecting Building Systems
Modern buildings contain complex mechanical devices, sophisticated control systems and a suite of features to improve the safety, comfort and productivity of occupants. Many of these systems involve machine-to-machine communication, but because the data is general in nature and the communication protocols have been proprietary, information only flows along certain paths. The smart building will require connectivity between all the equipment and systems in a building. An example is chiller plant optimization, which boosts the efficiency of chiller operation by incorporating outside weather data and information about occupancy. Another example is using data from the building security system to turn off lights and reduce cooling when occupants are not present.
The movement toward interoperable, connected devices and systems within a building requires cooperation between many different parties, many of whom are historical business competitors. Despite the challenge, voluntary collaboration over the past two decades has led to the adoption of open standards such as BACnet®, Modbus®, and LonWorks®1, leveling the playing field by enabling every manufacturer and contractor to make their contribution to a functional whole. The result is a building where lighting, air conditioning, security and other systems pass data freely back and forth – leading to higher efficiency, more safety and comfort, and lower cost operation of the facility.
Connecting People and Technology
The most sophisticated software and elaborate hardware in the world would be nothing but wires and transistors without the people that use them to work more effectively. In that sense, the people that run a smart building are a crucial component of its intelligence.
With budgets tight and staff constrained, there is no room for difficult training and steep learning curves in modern day facility management. Instead, a truly smart building provides intuitive tools that are designed to improve and enhance the existing efforts of the people on the ground. As the smart building evolves, the sharing of information between smart building systems and components will provide the platform for innovation. Future applications will appear as facility managers interact with tools and technology to do their jobs better – providing more comfort, more safety, and more security with less money, less energy, and less environmental impact.
Connecting to the Bottom Line
A smart building can be considered a “supersystem” of interconnected building subsystems; it has been compared to the internet, which connects computer networks into one larger “supernetwork.” In a smart building, the integration of systems can be used to reduce operating costs.
There are numerous ways that a smart building can save money; most involve optimized operation and increased efficiency: Optimized cooling and ventilation equipment – Modeling loads dynamically allows the system to spend the minimum amount of money to provide the comfort level desired. Matching occupancy patterns to energy use – A smart building will run leaner (and save money) when there are less people inside. Proactive maintenance of equipment – Analysis algorithms will detect problems in performance before they cause expensive outages, maintaining optimum efficiency along the way. Dynamic power consumption – By taking signals from the electricity market and altering usage in response, a smart building ensures the lowest possible energy costs and often generates revenue by selling load reductions back to the grid. The open access to information is a platform on which significant value can be built. A smart building creates this platform by connecting information in an open format, allowing for the development of new applications that save time, energy, and operating costs, in the same way that new web applications are developed for the open information found on the internet.
Connecting to the Global Environment
For decades, building management systems have automated the process of providing just enough energy to heat and cool buildings to meet comfort standards. These energy efficiency measures contribute to an organization’s sustainability goals, such as tracking and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But if the data is trapped within the building management system, executive-level decision-makers cannot measure and act on it.
Translation software called “middleware” gathers data from all automated systems throughout an enterprise – regardless of manufacturer or communications protocol – and merges it into a common platform for analytics and reporting. One result is the emergence of web-based dashboard displays that offer a visual snapshot of which facilities are experiencing high energy usage, abnormal maintenance costs, and many other situations that deserve prompt attention.
This provides executives in charge of sustainability and carbon footprint management with the visibility to see the big picture of their organization, no matter how many buildings or geographic locations are involved. When information is available quickly and can be accessed anywhere, managers are able to make better decisions that have an immediate impact on profitability.
Connecting to the Smart Power Grid
Truly smart buildings will leverage knowledge that resides outside its walls and windows. The smart grid is an ideal place to start. Electricity markets are evolving toward “real time,” meaning that buildings can receive requests to reduce demand when wholesale prices are high or when grid reliability is jeopardized. In addition, dynamic electric rates are a growing trend, meaning a building is charged closer to the actual cost of producing electricity at the instant it is used instead of the average cost over long time periods.
For instance, a utility on the smart grid may be programmed to read the weather forecast, and anticipate a temperature increase that will result in increased demand the following afternoon. The utility could communicate an “offer” to pay the smart building $0.50 for every kilowatt-hour drop from its average electricity usage. A smart building could accept this offer by activating an internal demand-reduction mode and thereby reducing its load.
While energy use and occupant comfort are crucial to any organization and therefore require human involvement in the decision-making, technology will be the key enabler, providing building operators with the tools and information they need to make smart choices. (Facility managers are constrained as it is; there would be very limited response to participating in a smart grid if it required operators to perform a “second job” monitoring markets and reacting to signals.)
Connecting to an Intelligent Future
Smart buildings go far beyond saving energy and contributing to sustainability goals. They extend capital equipment life and also impact the security and safety of all resources – both human and capital. They enable innovation by creating a platform for accessible information. They turn buildings into virtual power generators by allowing operators to shed electric load and sell the “negawatts” into the market. They are a key component of a future where information technology and human ingenuity combine to produce the robust, low-carbon economy envisioned for the future.
The advantages extend well beyond the four physical walls of the smart building. The electric grid becomes more robust and reliable. Society’s carbon footprint is minimized as renewable energy sources provide the power, balanced with a network of information that matches demand with variable supply on a minute-by-minute basis. Electric cars move people to homes and workplaces, serving as moving batteries in a smart system. And businesses operate at a new level of efficiency by using data in new ways, leveraging the connection between systems that until now have been entirely independent. These benefits are not temporary, but extend throughout the entire lifetime of the building, from modeling and design to renovation and beyond.
The smart building is at the center of this vision, providing not just the roof overhead, but also the information infrastructure to make possible a truly intelligent world.
Additional Information
Case study: First building in Austria to be awarded a Green Building Certificate shows how Vienna’s UNIQA Towers became the first building in Austria to achieve a Green Building Certificate, using smart building technology.
Smart buildings technologies and their role in strengthening building knowledge cities: Accelerating growing smart technologies in today's world are converging with the parties to the vast universe and correlate the rules of knowledge and information reflect the varying vivid picture of the rate of cognitive cities. It is natural that the intelligent building technologies represent one of the cornerstones to strengthen the construction of these cognitive cities. Until recently it was what is meant techniques intelligent buildings is the application of computer technology and means of communication and knowledge in the integration of building systems and coordination in order to raise the efficiency of the building resources management and optimize the cost of use and maintenance while achieving dynamic and interactive building systems to check the convenience of its users with improved productivity. The cities in the era of knowledge and communication technologies have become smart buildings Dormarafy new buildings integrated with the physical role to contribute to the strengthening of building knowledge cities consists of buildings connected to cognitive and interactive, which represents the essence of this paper. This role is in the transmission of the role of smart techniques of individual role at the level of one building at a site to the integrative role of the buildings vary in different locations and cities sprawling in the corners of our universe linking cognitive rules shall be the source and Solutions, and this is what is called "When you talk or communicate buildings ". In essence, the new role of the techniques of smart buildings, multiple intermediaries for providing information simultaneously and renewable, and intermediaries for the exchange of knowledge and experiences, as well as arguments data analysis and distributed based on need and situation, as well as arguments effective communication for the implementation of knowledge and information activities. The premises shall turn from spaces containing between the shores of computer networks, the movement of knowledge without differentiate between users and their activities and contacts and their events and daily what was going inside the building or neighboring buildings or similar in other cities and countries to broker transmission of knowledge and source have identified with the knowledge and impact the type and extent needed and thus interact and contra smart buildings in strengthening the building cities conscious knowledge.
1. The concept of knowledge cities
Known cities of knowledge cities which has an economy dependent on the output of high value and relying Alymassadr scientific research and technical competencies and human resources for members of that city (Carrillo, in press). In other cities, it appreciates in which both the government and the private sector, the value of knowledge and spends it generously of possibilities and resources to support and dissemination of knowledge and discovery. Is harnessing that knowledge to create opportunities and return adds value to the city community and develop its economy and wealth. There are currently around the world about 65 development program has been an urban dedication to the concept of knowledge cities. The field is located in the cities of new scientific knowledge is called cognitive development or IT circumference (Knowledge-based Development) which includes urban development, urban and Aldrast, planning and knowledge management. He knew (Coats, 2004) Knowledge Cities cities that economic success depends on the knowledge and characterized by providing a high level of efficiency and life of its members. Active and growing interest in cities as the increasing knowledge of the creative capabilities to support the business and education so that motivate members of the community and encourage them to acquire and employ knowledge. The growing role of knowledge in the cities of the cooperative society which goes beyond Aljgerafah and natural border of the city. And include recipes and features cities of knowledge on the following (Urbecon, 2002): • provide jobs serious Odhu yield rewarding individuals • The existence of a development rate steady income and gross national product • rational to build awareness of risk and exploit opportunities Hassan culture • adopted Vkralapetkar and creativity as one of the main pillars of development • To achieve permanent connections between universities and the center of scientific research and industry sectors • achieve leadership in the production and industry culture • The existence of a mechanism to facilitate people's access to sources of knowledge • Tiisr ways to deliver the latest technology to members of the community • Linking schools, universities and research centers, networks • adopted the concepts and techniques of the digital revolution and the information age • Improve the architectural and urban design for the modern techniques can be employed for the information age • Make the most of the ingredients and architectural heritage and using them as an attraction • Improve efficiency and the ability to develop awareness of the environment and individuals to develop and maintain. In the past, the adoption of the industrial city on the origins of property and natural resources to determine the economic potential of each city, but today hauling information, skills and expertise and creativity of the outstanding class of the city community of great importance in determining the economic strength compared to the same sources of natural resources. We find that Imad cities knowledge is technical progress and competitiveness in various fields of knowledge with the ability to employ that knowledge to be economic source. The future of cities and communities affected by over generations affected substantially progress technical, but the spread of technical rate in the cities of knowledge, especially World Wide Web has exceeded all previous technologies and we find an example of this clear in the table (1) private and the United States of America (Koting and Devol, 2001).
It was the Web's impact was evident in the field of business, education, where he became a knowledge economy, as some see as one of the main source of wealth and the economy and solve the important place of the natural sources of wealth. See (Mitchell, 1999) in his book that the cities of the future cities will board from its surroundings spatial or geographic depending on the World Wide Web has created what might be called electronic wages, which differed with the idea of communities gathered in urban life. The World Wide Web re-spatial surrounding buildings and cities formulation substantially and become the life of the city organized and managed new rules of what it was beforehand, and thus change the role of buildings in the cities of knowledge than ever before, and became intelligent buildings new role in supporting the concept and build knowledge cities.
2. The concept of smart buildings
The technology across multiple stages of history is an important indicator and vital to the development of the future. Is growing and changing and evolving technical rate in these days is unprecedented than ever before. The impact of technology depends not only in business but also to the buildings we inhabit and that connect to modern communication devices have become commonplace them. Thus diminishing the world to a small village and the dawning of a new Fjralmojtmat interlocking and related (Networked-Society). And became the "intelligence" of the word to be reported steadily to describe not only buildings but also cameras, watches, cars, charts display, ect. So you have to realize that the main role of information technology should be focused on improving opportunities for exploration and creativity and not replaced by a machine or others. Hence the importance that each country civilization looks and culture must not be copied or Tsentsch what has been achieved developed country technically; we must all Qtrtoziv creative abilities to draw the future his map investor in the findings of the other progress and promoted with setting priorities, as well as ways and stages of implementation, taking into account community conditions cultural and civilizational its own.
I've been smart buildings defined as buildings that provide a quick response environment, and effective, and supportive in order to achieve better performance for the users of the buildings (Kell, 1996). Although technically they look like basis, but it is currently seen as supportive only engine and is not a target or goal. I have been using the term smart buildings in the United States in the early eighties of the last century. And smart buildings known at the time by the Institute of intelligent buildings as buildings where the integration of multiple systems to efficiently manage Almurad and possibilities are to maximize performance technical, and increase yield, and the rationalization of operating cost, and flexibility. I knew smart buildings also (Lustig, 1995) as the buildings are characterized effectively change continuing, as well as responsive to the needs of individuals and help to raise production efficiency, rationalization of expenditure, and environmentally compatible and through continuous interaction between the main components for intelligent buildings, a construction, operations, and users, and management as well as their mutual relations as shown in Figure (1).
As the main area here is the intelligence, so they should be addressed to what is intended. Considered one of the visions of intelligence that are inherent authentic recipe of the ability of cognition, which contain a potential for all special operations and extrapolation Alastbat (Derek and Croome, 1997). The Piaget (1980) has been ranked as the intelligence is not a recipe, but as a series of interlocking processes of skill information processing, including balance and adjustment between the person and the environment. In spite of the presence of other insights from a variety of intelligence, but we will adopt here Paiget see and in which we can understand the ways of the work and lives of individuals inside the building, as well as their interaction with the environment and the internal fabric construction and the external environment. Therefore, intelligent buildings require smarter must be applied through the stages of thinking about the design of the building, during its inception, and when the operation and maintenance embodies in buildings and components and ways to activate and methods of interaction with users and with each other systems. Focus on the concept of smart buildings from one place to another and varies In the British Institute for intelligent buildings are to focus on the response to the requirements of individuals, either in the American Institute for intelligent buildings are to focus on technical progress, and third Janib we find that the Asian Institute of Intelligent Buildings focus is modular eco-efficiency as well as functional and technical requirements for spaces of buildings.
The form of (1) the continuous interaction between the four components (construction, operations, users, and operation) is one of the pillars of the thought of smart buildings.